Türkiye Barolar Birliği Dergisi 144.Sayı

14 Latin Amerika Ülkelerinde Başkanın Sorumluluğunu İşletmek için Parlamentoların ... Abstract: The purpose of this study is to examine the politi- cal responsibility of the president within the experiences of Latin American countries. In the political systems that the presidents are elected, the presidential term is fixed. Because it is not possible that the parliament dismiss the president by vote of non-confidence. As a rule, the only exception of that is impeachment. However, when the Latin American countries are examined, a different result is ob- tained. If the president does not have the public support and ma- jority of parliament that steadily support the president, president would not complete his term as easily as it seems. Parliament has two way to dismiss the president before the end of his term other than impeachment. These are to force the president to resignation and to declare that there is a permanent vacation in the presidency because of incapacity of the president. These methods, mostly, are used when the opposition parties cannot fulfill the requirements for impeachment process. The decisions of incapacity of the president is a power of the parliament. However, the parliaments use that po- wer in a different way. Finally, the use of this methods causes to a flexibilization on the rigidity of presidentialism. Keywords: The Political Responsibility of the President, the End of Presidential Term, Impeachment, the Resignation of the Pre- sident, the Phsycal, Mental and Moral Incapacity GİRİŞ Bu çalışmada Latin Amerika ülkelerinde devlet başkanının siyasal sorumluluğunun işletilmesi yöntemlerinin karşılaştırmalı ülke uygu- lamaları ışında ele alınarak incelenmesi amaçlanmaktadır. Bilindiği üzere başkanlık sisteminin ayırt edici özellikleri, devlet başkanının hem yürütmenin hem de devletin başı olması, doğrudan ya da dolaylı olarak halk tarafından seçilmesi ve parlamento karşısın- da siyasal sorumluluğunun bulunmamasıdır. 1 Bu nedenle başkanlık 1 Alan B Ball, Modern Politics and Government, Macmillan Press, 1971, Büyük Bri- tanya, s. 145; Rett R Ludwikowski, “Latin American Hybrid Constitutionalism: The United States Presidentialism in the Civil Law Melting Pot”, Boston Univer- sity International Law Review, C. 21, Sa. 29, 2003, ss. 29-61, s. 34; Arendt Lıjphart, Demokrasi Motifleri-Otuz Altı Ülkede Yönetim Biçimleri ve Performansları, Çev. Güneş Ayas, Utku Umut Bulsun, Salyangoz Yayınları, İstanbul, 2006, s. 117, 120; Matthew Soberg Shugart, John Carey, Presidents and Assemblies, Constitutional Design and Electrol Dynamics, Cambridge University Press New York, 1992, s. 29; Juan J Linz, “Başkanlık Sisteminin Tehlikeleri” Çev. Ergun Özbudun, Demokrasi- nin Küresel Yükselişi, Ed. Larry Diamon, Marc F. Plattner, Yetkin Yayınları, 1995, ss. 143-160, s. 155; Scott Mainwaring, “Presidentialism, Multipartism, and Democ- racy: The Difficult Combination, Comparative Political Studies 1993, ss. 198-228, s. 207-208; Hasan Tunç, Bülent Yavuz, “Avantaj ve Dezavantajlarıyla Başkanlık Sistemi”, TBB Dergisi , Sa. 81, 2009, ss. 1-39, s. 19.