Türkiye Barolar Birliği Dergisi 149.Sayı

226 Amerika Birleşik Devletlerinde Başkanlığın Düzenleyici İşlemleri Anahtar Kelimeler: ABD, Başkan, Kongre, Güçler Ayrılığı, Fede- ral Yüksek Mahkeme (FYM şeklinde kısaltılacaktır). Abstract: The political structure of the USA is not only based on the Presidential system. The system has four important pillars, which are presidency, congress, judiciary and federalism. The US Presidential system emphasizes two pillars that are important to ot- her democracies, the separation of powers and control and balance. The US Presidential system is based on the principle of separation of powers that emerged in the 17th and 18th centuries and found appli- cation. In the USA, the parliamentary election system is a narrow-zo- ne two-round election system; The party, which gets only one more vote than the other, has the deputy from that region. Even though it is not explicitly included in the Constitution, the Presidents of the USA have the power to make unilateral, general and non-personal arrangements, as a legislative function. There are three types of Presidential decree in the USA. First, it is drawn di- rectly on the basis of the constitution, which is usually done for is- sues such as foreign affairs and national defense. Second, Congress can authorize the President to regulate by law. The third is regula- tory administrative procedures (such as regulations, circulars) that are based on the law. The regulations unilaterally issued by the US presidents are, if not all, decrees that generally have the force of law. As such, Presidential decrees have legislative functions; that is, the executive’s indirect legislative function. As noted, not all Presi- dential decrees have the force of law. If a Presidential decree stems from the Constitution and the law, it is lawful and must be published in the Official Gazette. The publication of those other than executive orders will be with the consent of the President. Keywords: USA, President, Congre, Separation of Powers, Supreme Court GİRİŞ Bu çalışmada 2017 Anayasa değişikliği ile kabul edilen ve 9 Tem- muz 2018 tarihinde tamamıyla yürürlüğe giren yeni sistemin ve yürüt- menin düzenleyici işlemlerinin menşei olabildiği tartışılan ABD mo- deli üzerinde durulacaktır. Burada ABD modelinin sadece Başkanlık kararnameleri konumuz kapsamında olacaktır. Aslında Türkiye’de sistem tartışmaları epey bir zamandır devam etmiş olup, bu anlamda, yürütmenin daha hızlı ve etkin karar alabil- mesi konusunda, tüm anayasalarımızda ve uygulamada gereken deği- şimler yaşanmıştır; 1876 Anayasası döneminde kabul edilen Kanunu Muvakkat; 1921 Anayasası döneminde Anayasa’da olmadığı halde