240 Blokzinciri Uyuşmazlık Çözüm Yöntemlerinin Uygulanacak Hukuk Kurallarına Etkisi ve Lex Cryptografia İlişkisi Anahtar Kelimeler: Blokzinciri Uyuşmazlık Çözüm Yöntemleri, Blokzincirine Dayalı Akıllı Sözleşmeler, Çevrimiçi Tahkim, Kitle Kaynaklı Uyuşmazlık Çözümü, Lex Cryptographia, Merkeziyetsiz Özerk Kuruluşlar, Yapay Zekâ Destekli Uyuşmazlık Çözümü Abstract: Due to its delocalized and decentralized structure, the traditional jurisdiction rules determining the international jurisdiction of the courts are not compatible with the nature of blockchain-based smart contracts. In cases where jurisdiction can be established, the transaction record of the blockchain, which is not suitable for change, remains dysfunctional in executing the decisions made by the court. The dysfunctionality of traditional rules and immutable structure of the system have led the doctrine to work on alternative dispute resolution methods specific to the system. In this study, these methods, which are referred to as blockchain dispute resolution methods and are generally grouped as online arbitration created by decentralized autonomous organizations (MÖK), crowdsourced dispute resolution methods and artificial intelligence-supported resolution methods, are examined with examples such as Los Angeles- Sagewise, Kleros- Aragon- Jur group and Smart Arbitration- Open Law: Open Court application. Finally, in the study, the effect of Blockchain dispute resolution methods on the formation of rules specific to smart contracts in disputes arising from smart contracts based on blockchain and the concept of Lex Cryptographia were discussed and evaluated in terms of private international law. Keywords: Artificial Intelligence Assisted Dispute Resolution, Blockchain-Based Smart Contracts, Crowdsourced Dispute Resolution, Decentralized Autonomous Organizations, Lex Cryptographia, The Blockchain Dispute Resolution, Online Arbitration GİRİŞ Akıllı sözleşmeler,1 ulusal hukuklardan bağımsız, ulusötesi sözleşme oluşturma amacına dayanmaktadır. Akıllı sözleşmelerin Blokzinci1 Akıllı sözleşme, yaratıcısı tarafından “sözleşmenin şartlarını icra eden bir işlem protokolü” olarak tanımlanmaktadır. Szabo, Nick, “Smart Contracts”, 1994, https://www.fon.hum.uva.nl/rob/Courses/InformationInSpeech/CDROM/ Literature/LOTwinterschool2006/szabo.best.vwh.net/smart.contracts.html (Erişim Tarihi: 17.10.2022). Bu işlem protokolleriyle Szabo, herkesin birbiriyle işlem yapabilmesi için kodlarla ifade edilen şartların oluşmasıyla karşılıklı yükümlülüklerin otomatik olarak icra edilmesini ve sözleşmenin olası ihlalini otomatik icrayla önlemeyi amaçlamıştır. Szabo, Nick, “Smart Contracts: Building Blocks for Digital Markets”, 1996, https://www.fon.hum.uva.nl/rob/Courses/InformationInSpeech/CDROM/ Literature/LOTwinterschool2006/szabo.best.vwh.net/smart_contracts_2.html (Erişim Tarihi: 17.10.2022)
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