9 Union of Turkish Bar Associations Review 2023 Hüseyin ACAR prohibition of the imposition of crimes and penalties by the regulatory acts of the administration. As is known, one of the fundamental principles of the rule of law is the principle of legality. In order not to leave citizens unprotected against arbitrary and excessive intervention of the state, limitations must be imposed on the exercise of the power of punishment. The rule of law must not only protect individuals through criminal law, but also against criminal law (German: den Einzelnen nicht nur durch das Strafrecht, sondern auch vor dem Strafrecht schützen).28 Article 2, paragraph 1 of the TPC No. 5237 stipulates that (1)”No one shall be punished or subjected to security measures for an act that the law does not explicitly criminalize. No penalty or security measure other than the penalties and security measures stipulated in the law may be imposed”, and in paragraph 2 (2) “Crimes and penalties cannot be imposed by the regulatory procedures of the administration”. According to the principle of legality in the article, in order to guarantee individual rights and freedoms, the legislator must determine which acts constitute crimes and the legal sanctions (sanctions) to be imposed on those who commit these crimes in the law in a clear, precise and enforceable manner, without leaving any room for doubt.29 As adopted in a decision of the Constitutional Court, in this case, individuals have the opportunity to learn which of their behaviours constitute a crime and to adjust their actions accordingly.30 Thus, by ensuring predictability through the principle of 28 Claus Roxin, Strafrecht, Allgemeiner Teil, Band I, Grundlagen, der Aufbau der Verbrechenslehre, 4. Auflage, München, 2006, § 5, kn. 1, p. 138; Bahri Öztürk/ Mustafa Ruhan Erdem, Uygulamalı Ceza Hukuku ve Güvenlik Tedbirleri Hukuku, 14. Baskı, Seçkin Yayıncılık, Ankara, 2014, p. 36; kn. 26; The author prefers to use this definition not only for the Criminal Law, as Roxin states, but for legal rules in general. Berrin Akbulut, Ceza Hukuku Genel Hükümler, 6. Baskı, Adalet Yayınevi, Ankara, 2019, p. 98. 29 Mahmut Koca/İlhan Üzülmez, Türk Ceza Hukuku Genel Hükümler, 12. Baskı, Seçkin Yayınevi, Ankara, 2019, p. 54-55; Timur Demirbaş, Ceza Hukuku Genel Hükümler, 11. Baskı, Seçkin Yayıncılık, Ankara, 2016, p. 118; Mehmet Emin Artuk/Ahmet Gökçen/Mehmet Emin Alşahin/Kerim Çakır, Ceza Hukuku Genel Hükümler, 14. Baskı, Adalet Yayınevi, Ankara, 2020, p. 164; Nur Centel/Hamide Zafer/Özlem Çakmut, Türk Ceza Hukukuna Giriş, 6. Baskı, Beta Yayınları, İstanbul, 2010, p. 56; Kayıhan İçel, Ceza Hukuku Genel Hükümler, Beta Yayınları, Yenilenmiş Baskı, İstanbul, 2016, p. 126; İzzet Özgenç, Türk Ceza Hukuku Genel Hükümler, 15. Baskı, Seçkin Yayıncılık, Ankara, 2019, p. 132. 30 Veli Özer Özbek/Koray Doğan/Pınar Bacaksız, Türk Ceza Hukuku Genel Hükümler, Seçkin Yayıncılık, 10. Baskı, Ankara, 2019, p. 66; Koca/Üzülmez, p. 55;
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